Course Guarantor and teacher
Jan Hlaváč; Petr Klán
Form of course completion:
Zkouška
Annotation:
After discussions on chemistry that follows the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, and learning about various photochemical applications in industry, medicine and biology as well as photochemical transformations in nature, the student will learn to understand the scientific literature in the corresponding field and interpret the results from the experimental and theoretical studies.
Content:
- Introduction to photochemistry. History. Calibration points: energetics and dynamics. Excited states and their fates. Jablonski diagram. Photophysical and photochemical processes. Lambert-Beer law. Quantum yield. Electronic configurations. Selection rules.
- Radiation processes. Absorption. Emission. Frack-Condon law. Chromophores. Fluorophores. Applications.
- Radiationless processes. State Mixing. Intersystem crossing. El-Sayed rules. Spin orbit coupling. Heavy atom effect. Vibrational relaxation.
- Mechanistic and experimental photochemistry. Rate constants. Quantum yields. Actinometry. Stern-Volmer analysis. State diagrams. Experimental photochemistry: light sources, photoreactors, flash photolysis. Safety.
- Electron and energy transfer. Excimers. Exciplexes. Marcus theory. Electron transfer. Energy transfer.
- Alkenes and alkynes. E-Z isomerization. Electrocyclic and sigmatropic photorearrangement. di-π-Methane photorearrangement. Photoinduced nucleophile, proton, and electron addition. Photocycloaddition reaction.
- Aromatic compounds. Photorearrangement. Phototransposition. Photocycloaddition. Photosubstitution.
- Oxygen compounds. Photoreduction. Oxetane formation (Paternò–Büchi Reaction). Norrish type I and II reactions. Photoenolization. Addition and hydrogen/electron transfer reaction.
- Nitrogen compounds. E–Z isomerization. Photofragmentation. Photorearrangement. Photoreduction.
- Sulphur compounds. Hydrogen abstraction. Cycloaddition. Photofragmentation.
- Halogen compounds. Photohalogenation. Photofragmentation. Photoreduction. Nucleophilic photosubstitution.
- Molecular oxygen. Ground-state and excited-state oxygen. Photooxygenations.
- Photosensitizers, photoinitiators and photocatalysts. Organic and transition-metal species. Photosynthesis. Applications.
Literature:
- Klán P., Wirz J. Photochemistry of Organic Compounds: From Concepts to Practice. Postgraduate Chemistry Series, Wiley, Chichester, 2009, ISBN: 978-1-4051-9088-6.
- Nicholas J. Turro, J. C. Scaiano, and V. Ramamurthy, Principles of Molecular Photochemistry: An Introduction. University Science Books, 2009.
